“Memory Makes Us Brave”: Hauntological Echoes of the Past in the Music of Chile’s 2019 Social Upheaval

Abstract: The 2019 social upheaval in Chile began with students jumping turn-stiles in protest over a modest increase in the metro fare, but it quickly expanded into a widespread denunciation of nearly every facet of the neo-liberal economic system installed under the 1973–1990 Augusto Pinochet dictatorship. “It’s not the thirty pesos,” protesters claimed, “it’s the thirty years,” referring to the three decades of neoliberal policies after the return to democracy in 1990. In the days and weeks after the protests began, a soundtrack emerged of both original music and songs repurposed from Chile’s past. Even the new songs created in the wake of the 2019 protests also frequently reference, sample, or allude to Chile’s musical icons of the Chilean New Song era of the 1960s and early 1970s or to dictatorship era music. Both the protests and their music are therefore rooted in a hauntological past. Jacques Derrida coined the term “hauntology” in Spectres of Marx (2006), where he examines the ways in which the spirit of Marxism, like all ghosts which have yet to be laid to rest, would return, repeatedly, disrupting the present and continuing to remind us of another possible future.” In Ghosts of My Life , British cultural theorist Mark Fisher applies Derrida’s concept of hauntology to English language cultural production, arguing that 21st-century cultural products reflect a “slow cancellation of the future.” “It doesn’t feel like the future,” Fisher writes; instead, “we remain trapped in the 20th century.” This article examines how the hauntological songs of the 2019 social upheaval seek to inspire and support an oppositional consciousness against the neoliberal system and how the resilience of that same system maintains Chile’s musical ghosts in a perpetual limbo .