Use of ChatGPT for education by engineering students in developing countries: a mixed-methods study

Developing countries face challenges in AI integration into learning initiatives. With the widespread use of ChatGPT, many concerns were expressed. Thus, it is crucial to investigate students' attitudes toward ChatGPT and the factors influencing their decision to continue using it in the future. We used a mixed-methods triangulation design based on the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) and collected data based on convenience sampling from N = 195 engineering students in developing countries through semi-structured surveys with open-ended questions. Quantitative analysis included descriptive statistics and logistic regression, while thematic analysis was used for the qualitative part. Most students (89.69%) use ChatGPT, with all the elements of the UTAUT framework being strong predictors of their intention to continue. Most have continuous internet access and feel comfortable using technology. High-frequency usage, perceived benefits, and peer encouragement positively influence students' intention to continue using ChatGPT. However, concerns about accuracy, privacy, and laziness negatively correlate with usage intention. Address personal, institutional, and governmental concerns to integrate ChatGPT safely in educational systems, ensuring equitable access and preparing for future e-learning initiatives.