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Abstract The time evolution of climate change at the continental scale is provided in this study for present and future periods. Climate spatio-temporal variability for each continent is studied by evaluating the decadal frequency distributions of monthly 2-m temperature anomalies for the 1951-2020 historical and 2015-2100 future periods. To achieve this, monthly averaged daily temperature data from ERA5 and an ensemble of CMIP6 GCMs, following a range of future climate scenarios (SSP1-2. 6, SSP2-4. 5, SSP3-7. 0, and SSP5-8. 5), are used. The results of ERA5 show a decadal shift in the mean temperature anomalies towards warmer values at a continental scale, much more pronounced in the last decade (2011-2020), and larger in summer than in winter. It is seen that the CMIP6 GCM ensemble can reproduce this historical warming, at a climatological timescale, with a large degree of agreement for all continents. Furthermore, climate projections strongly indicate that this warming will continue under any climate change scenario and will be larger by the end of the century. The two most likely scenarios (SSP2-4. 5 and SSP3-7. 0) show significant evidence that extremely hot temperatures (anomalies of more than three standard deviations (3) warmer than the climatology of the 1951–1980 base period) will become the normal climate in Africa and South America regions for the 2071-2100 period. In this work, it is seen that the regional mean temperature anomalies will increase in weak, moderate and strong forcing scenarios, reaching climatic extremes with expected major implications on the water cycle, agriculture, ecosystems, society and human health
Molina et al. (Thu,) studied this question.