Studies on a hadronic calorimeter with MPGD technology for a future Muon Collider experiment

Abstract In the context of the European strategy for particle physics, the Multi-TeV Muon Collider has emerged as a compelling alternative for advancing our understanding of the Standard Model, after the full exploitation of the High-Luminosity LHC. The physics programme at the Muon Collider includes precise measurements in the Higgs boson sector and the search for new physics at the TeV scale. Achieving these goals relies on accurate full event reconstruction, including the identification and precise four-momentum estimation of various particles. The Particle Flow (PF) algorithm is one of the most suitable approach for this task, exploiting information from tracking, calorimeter, and muon detectors for particle identification and measurements of their momenta/energies. Tracking detectors measure charged particle momenta, while calorimeters provide energy measurements for photons and neutral hadrons. Therefore, a combination of an exceptional tracking system and high-granularity calorimeters is necessary. However, one of the biggest challenges for a future experiment at the Muon Collider is to discriminate the product of the μμ collisions from the intense beam-induced-background (BIB), due to the unstable nature of muons, whose decay products interact with the detector material. To address this, an innovative hadronic calorimeter (HCAL) based on Micro Pattern Gas Detectors (MPGDs) is proposed. MPGDs offer robust technology for high radiation environments and a high granularity for precise spatial measurements. Dedicated studies are needed to assess and optimize the performance of an MPGD-based HCAL, including the development of medium-scale prototypes for performance measurements. The response of HCAL to incoming particles is examined through Monte Carlo simulations using Geant4, comparing the performance of digital and semi-digital readouts, with energy resolution as the figure of merit. The simulated geometry will be integrated into the Muon Collider software to study its impact on jet reconstruction within the full apparatus and in the presence of BIB. The simulation will be also validated through the test of a small-size calorimeter cell equipped with advanced resistive MPGD technologies, namely resistive MicroMegas, resistive μ RWELL and RP-WELL.