Bioaccumulation of metals and metalloids in seafood: A comprehensive overview of mobilization, interactive effects in eutrophic environments, and implications for public health risks

This article delves into the intricate dynamics of metals and metalloids (MEs and MLOIDs) bioaccumulation in seafood, with a focus on mobilization processes and interactive effects in eutrophic environments. It unveils critical insights into the mechanisms influencing contaminant concentration in marine organisms, and thoroughly examines the implications for public health risks. The study emphasizes the multifaceted challenges posed by MEs and MLOIDs bioaccumulation in seafood, highlighting the necessity of understanding these complexities to develop effective strategies for mitigating environmental impact and safeguarding public health. The overview comprehensively explores the bioaccumulation and biomagnification of MEs and MLOIDs within aquatic ecosystems, covering sources, entry mechanisms, speciation, and transformation. It investigates the gradual buildup of substances in marine species tissue, emphasizing the use of environmental biomonitoring for metal pollution and assessing risks associated with consuming contaminated seafood. Key considerations include dietary exposure, the effects of processing on toxic MEs and MLOIDs contents, and the bioavailability of these elements in seafood products. The study examines constructive biomarkers as crucial indicators of MEs and MLOIDs contamination, ranging from metallothioneins (MTs) to DNA damage biomarkers. It evaluates their role in environmental monitoring, risk assessment, and regulatory measures, emphasizing the integration of exposure and effect biomarkers for a comprehensive approach to ensuring the quality and safety of seafood products. The article advocates ongoing research for refining biomarkers, exploring isotopic ratios, and understanding the effects of processing methods. It underscores the importance of collaborative efforts among scientists, regulatory bodies, and the seafood industry to tailor measures to regional contexts. The study envisions a proactive and informed strategy to foster environmental conservation and public well-being in response to MEs and MLOIDs contamination in seafood.