Simultaneous thermal zoning and demand control ventilation

Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning systems play a crucial role in controlling indoor air conditions, including temperature, humidity, and CO₂ concentration, to ensure human comfort and safety. Thermal zoning and demand-controlled ventilation have demonstrated enhancements in comfort and energy efficiency. This study aims to develop a mathematical model for a Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning system employing an estimated state-feedback control algorithm to optimize indoor comfort and energy savings while minimizing sensor requirements. The model encompasses dynamic equations governing CO₂ concentration and temperature in a five-room building. Temperature regulation is achieved by adjusting the airflow from a cooling unit with dampers, while CO₂ levels are managed by controlling the proportion of fresh air intake. To showcase the advantages of the proposed control approach, comparisons were made with alternative methods based on response performance, energy consumption, and sensor requirements. The estimated state-feedback control outperformed other approaches, requiring only one temperature and one CO₂ sensor at the mixed return. Additional occupancy sensors in each room are not necessary if an Extended Kalman filter is utilized. This technique exhibits scalability, adaptable to varying output variables and room configurations, and holds promise for broader implementation in the HVAC industry. By optimizing energy consumption and maintaining indoor air quality, this approach aligns with established sustainability metrics, promoting environmental responsibility. Compliance with health and safety audit standards ensures the fulfillment of social targets, while adherence to regulations and laws ensures governance targets are met.