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This paper investigates the Doppler shift problem encountered in the Massive MIMO-LEO satellite communication system. A mathematical formulation is provided for this communication system and the Doppler shift frequency, which severely affects the performance, is identified mathematically. Then, it is shown that the LEO satellite channel can be converted from a fast-fading frequency selective channel into a slow-fading flat-fading channel using an accurate Doppler prediction algorithm along with proper selection of OFDM number of subcarriers. The Simplified General Perturbations (SGP4) algorithm is utilized to predict the maximum elevation angle for any mobile station location. After that, this angle is applied to find the visibility time, Doppler shift, and slant range as a function of time. Numerical analysis was carried out to assess the performance of the proposed technique. The maximum elevation angle was found to be almost identical to real-time satellites. The prediction of Doppler shift, however, should be further validated against a realistic satellite-toground communication channel.
Mohammed et al. (Sat,) studied this question.