Parametric study of large-eddy simulation to capture scaling laws of velocity fluctuations in neutral atmospheric boundary layers

The development of digital twins for wind farms often involves the use of large-eddy simulation (LES) to model atmospheric boundary layers. Existing LES solvers primarily focus on accurately capturing streamwise fluctuations. They, however, overlook the less energetic cross-stream fluctuations, which play a crucial role in wind turbine wake evolution. In this study, we conduct a systematic parametric study and incorporate changes in an open-source LES solver. The improved solver is able to predict all three components of velocity fluctuations in alignment with the scaling laws derived from the attached-eddy hypothesis. In particular, we examine the impact of (i) the subgrid-scale model, (ii) the wall model, (iii) the von Kármán constant, and (iv) the grid-cell aspect ratio. We find that although all these factors influence the prediction of velocity fluctuations, the grid-cell aspect ratio has the greatest effect on the spanwise and vertical velocity components. Notably, utilizing nearly isotropic grid cells leads to the best alignment of all three velocity component fluctuations with the scaling laws. Spectral analysis further demonstrates that the present LES solver accurately predicts the characteristic length scales for all velocity fluctuation components, making it a reliable tool for obtaining turbulent inflow conditions for wind farm modeling.