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This study provides modern solutions to treat and reuse improper water, whether for humans or agriculture. Especially after climatic changes, high temperatures, the increasing population, the increased average of evaporation from fresh water, and the industrial progress associated with the increase in water. Although the water sources are limited, the remaining available usable water threatens the economy. Different efficient techniques, including solvent extraction, response surface methodology, ballasted electro-flocculation using aluminium electrodes, botanical, microbial treatment, membrane filtration, ion exchange, chemical precipitation, and adsorption, can reduce the risk of heavy metals from polluted water. In this review article, we present more than one treatment for the treatment of contaminated water, whether using natural ores such as clay minerals, for example, montmorillonite, kaolinite and zeolite, or chemical or biological methods and other modern methods, noting that each method has advantages and disadvantages, according to economic cost and availability of ores materials used, whether natural or manufactured. In addition, various articles on zeolite, clay, and by-products of multiple industries can use adsorbents. Excluding this material is natural and synthetic polymer adsorbents are commercially available. Enabled carbon is also a great capacitor derived from natural organic matter. The properties of activated carbon, which make it effective in removing the pollutants of aqueous solutions, are significant in specific areas, porous structures, and thermo-stability.
Wahba et al. (Sun,) studied this question.