Molecular mechanism of formation and destruction of a pseudo‑capsule in clear cell renal cell carcinoma

The process and molecular mechanisms underlying the formation and destruction of a pseudo‑capsule (PC) in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) are poorly understood. In the present study, the PCs of surgical specimens from primary tumors and metastatic lesions in 169 patients with ccRCC, and carcinogen‑induced ccRCC rat models were semi‑quantified using the invasion of PC (i‑Cap) score system. This was based on the relationship among the tumor, PC and adjacent normal tissue (NT) as follows: i‑Cap 0, tumor has no PC and does not invade NT; i‑Cap 1, tumor has a complete PC and does not invade into the PC; i‑Cap 2, tumor with focal absences in the PC, which partially invades the PC but not completely through the PC; i‑Cap 3, tumor crosses the PC and invades the NT; i‑Cap 4, tumor directly invades the NT without a PC. The study suggested that PC formation was not observed without physical compression, and also revealed that tumor invasion into the PC was a prognostic factor for postoperative oncological outcomes. Higher i‑Cap, Fuhrman grade and tumor size were independent poor prognostic factors for postoperative disease‑free survival. mRNA expression arrays generated from carcinogen‑induced ccRCC rat models were used to explore genes potentially associated with the formation and destruction of a PC. Subsequently, human ccRCC specimens were validated for four genes identified via expression array; the results revealed that collagen type 4A2, matrix metalloproteinase‑7 and l‑selectin were upregulated alongside the progression of i‑Cap score. Conversely, endoglin was downregulated. In conclusion, the present study provides insights into the formation and destruction of a PC, and the results may aid the treatment and management of patients with ccRCC.