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Abstract The GRAPES-3 extensive air shower (EAS) array has been designed to study cosmic rays from 10 ^13 13 –10 ^16 16 eV. It employs 400 scintillator detectors spread across 25, 000 m ^2 2, mainly of cone-type and fiber-type, each covering a 1 m ^2 2 area. These detectors record EAS particle densities and arrival times, which are crucial for determining primary particle energy and direction. A decade (2013–2022) of EAS data is analyzed to investigate the dependence of particle densities on ambient temperature and atmospheric pressure. Notably, ambient temperature exhibits a delayed response, with a more pronounced delay in fiber-type detectors, while cone-type detectors exhibit a higher observed temperature coefficient. In contrast, atmospheric pressure instantly and uniformly affects both detector types, with Monte Carlo simulations backing the observed pressure coefficient. These findings established a reliable pressure coefficient for EAS within this distinctive energy range and contributed to the refinement of correction algorithms, ultimately improving particle density precision for more accurate shower parameter estimates.
Zuberi et al. (Mon,) studied this question.