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The recent two years have been marked by many regional climate-state extremes particularly over the southern polar region including record-high surface melt over the Antarctic Peninsula in February 2022 (Gorodetskaya et al., 2023; Zou et al., 2023), the strongest heatwave ever recorded over East Antarctica bringing extreme inland snowfall and coastal surface melt in March 2022 (Wille et al., 2024), and an extremely low Antarctic sea ice area observed in winter 2022 outpaced by the lowest record in winter 2023 (Purich and Doddridge, 2023). Increased magnitude and probability of occurrence of extreme events, along with their high impacts on the Antarctic surface mass balance require detailed understanding of the underlying large-scale, regional and local drivers, using comprehensive and high-resolution observations and modeling. Here we will present analysis of extreme surface melt events and their drivers based on targeted observations conducted during 2022-2023 over the northern Antarctic Peninsula, including two austral summer campaigns and the winter Year of Polar Prediction in the Southern Hemisphere (YOPP-SH) enhanced observational period. Cloud and precipitation profiles using radar and lidar measurements are analyzed together with thermodynamic state of the troposphere from radiosonde observations and surface radiative fluxes with a specific focus on the extreme warm events characterized by surface melt and/or rainfall. In particular, the February 2022 extreme warm event showed very high downwelling longwave flux (up to 350 W/m2) due to the low warm-base liquid-containing clouds. Frequent occurrence of supercooled liquid water with low and warm cloud-bases is characteristic of the site during both summer and winter seasons and plays an important role in surface melt events. Another key factor during warm events is the transition from snowfall to rainfall (both with height in the vertical column, indicated by melt layer height derived from the precipitation radar measurements, and with time over the course of the event). Using radiosonde profiling, we identify layers of maximum moisture and heat transport into the Antarctic Peninsula, which showed an outstanding magnitude during the hot spell in February 2022 associated with an intense atmospheric river and which we further compare to other observed warm events. Significant differences are found for cloud and precipitation properties between ground-based measurements and ERA5 reanalysis, prompting the use of state-of-art high-resolution observations to improve representation of relevant processes in the models particularly during surface melt events. Funding acknowledgements: Portuguese Polar Program projects APMAR/TULIP/APMAR2; FCT projects MAPS and ATLACE; ANR project ARCA; KOPRI;NSF awards 2127632 and 2229392. References: Gorodetskaya et al. (2023): Record-high Antarctic Peninsula temperatures and surface melt in February 2022: a compound event with an intense atmospheric river.npj Clim Atmos Sci, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41612-023-00529-6 Purich and Doddridge (2023): Record low Antarctic sea ice coverage indicates a new sea ice state.Commun Earth Environ, https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-023-00961-9 Wille et al (2024): The Extraordinary March 2022 East Antarctica Heat Wave. Part I: Observations and Meteorological Drivers. J. Climate, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-23-0175.1. Zou et al (2023): Strong warming over the Antarctic Peninsula during combined atmospheric River and foehn events: Contribution of shortwave radiation and turbulence. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., https://doi. org/10.1029/2022JD038138
Gorodetskaya et al. (Mon,) studied this question.