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Protection of concrete surface layer is crucial for preserving serviceability and durability of concrete structures during their service life. Chemical attack by sulfuric acid is an aggressive exposure, commonly causing significant damage to concrete elements such as buildings' foundations and basement walls, buildings and structures affected by acid rain, industrial facilities, and wastewater treatment facilities. Hence, this study endeavored to evaluate the performance of nano-modified composites as surface treatments for concrete under severe chemical exposures. Nano-calcium carbonate and nano-clay particles were dispersed at different dosages (0, 2.5, and 5% by mass) in the neat coatings: vinyl ester (membrane-forming polymer) and silane (hydrophobic agent). Moreover, an amorphous colloidal silica (SiO2>50%) was also used as a superficial treatment for concrete. These coatings were applied to concrete specimens with water-to-binder ratios (w/b) of 0.40 (representing good quality/low penetrability concrete treated for prohibition of deterioration) and 0.60 (representing deteriorated/high penetrability concrete in need for rehabilitation). the wettability and initial transport characteristics of the coated concrete specimens were determined. In addition, the durability of superficially treated concrete specimens was examined under two aggressive exposures: full submergence in a 5% (by volume) sulfuric acid solution, and 5% sulfuric acid solution combined with wetting-drying cycles. During both exposures, the deterioration of concrete specimens was observed by visual inspection and quantified in terms of mass change. Furthermore, the damage mechanisms and coatings' performance were studied by microstructural, mineralogical, and thermal analyses. The overall results showed that vinyl ester and vinyl ester nanocomposites significantly improved the durability of concrete specimens by an average of around 64% relative to that of the silane and silane nanocomposites; hence, they are recommended for field applications.
Ibrahim et al. (Sun,) studied this question.