Enhancing the worship experience: a quantitative approach to the Şehzade and Süleymaniye discussion

Süleyman I and Mimar Sinan stand as influential figures of the Ottoman Empire, leaving an indelible mark on Istanbul's cultural and architectural landscape. Built by Sinan for Süleyman the Magnificent, Şehzade Mehmed and Süleymaniye Mosques in particular have been subjects of debate. Şehzade is described by many scholars as a peak in sixteenth century Ottoman architecture, whilst Süleymaniye, built shortly after, is viewed as an architectural regression. This article investigates the transition from the symmetrical quatrefoil scheme of Şehzade to Süleymaniye's basilica-like design with quantitative methods, based on certain design principles. Spatial perception, visibility, and daylight analyses were conducted on models and plan drawings based on 3D point cloud data obtained from terrestrial laser scanning. Spatial perception analyses suggest that Sinan intended to influence users' perception with the formation of the superstructure. Resulting visibility levels of certain focal points in the sanctum area prove how they were pivotal in the design process. Finally, daylight analyses results indicate how daylight was also a significant design criterion for Sinan. Ultimately, the study demonstrates that Süleymaniye's floor plan is an improved design addressing the spatial issues that exist in Şehzade, highlighting Mimar Sinan's effort to enhance the worship experience.