Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs) are key to modern industrial automation, offering reliable and flexible control for complex processes. This review outlines PLC architecture, operation, and their role in real-time monitoring, fault detection, and integration with sensors, actuators, and human–machine interfaces. Recent advances—faster processors, modular design, and open communication protocols—enhance scalability and interoperability. Emerging trends such as Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) connectivity, cloud supervision, and AI-driven predictive maintenance are also discussed. The paper highlights how PLC automation improves safety, energy efficiency, and overall productivity in industrial process control and monitoring.
D. A. Shahakar (Sun,) studied this question.
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