The Arab Woman as a Manger and a Leader between Challenges and Opportunities in the Public Sector in Israel.

This study aimed to explore the various challenges and opportunities that Arab women face in public sector organizations in Israel's leadership roles as there is a gap of gender equity otherwise. The study aimed to see how the factors of family, socio-cultural, and organizational dynamics shape leadership development for Arab women as opposed to Arab men. Using a mixed-methods approach, the research included a quantitative survey of 320 Arab leaders in the public sector to examine the specific barriers and challenges that they face and 30 in-depth interviews with a convenience sample of these participants. The study discovered that Arab women leaders experience more extreme barriers due to gender stereotypes, culture of discrimination in the workplace, and familial support. The data shows that Arab women leaders on average are perceived to be less competent leaders, they put more effort into proving their credibility, and they face rigid barriers to being recognized and promoted in their leadership position. While shifts in male attitudes towards female leaders are changing, younger males seem to be more progressive than older males, there are still challenges remaining. The study suggests that to promote gender equity and support change, processes of systemic reform, awareness campaigns, mentorship opportunities, and flexible work practices are needed. Theoretically, this study makes a contribution to the understanding of gender dynamics within patriarchal and collectivist societies. The work provides practical suggestions for policies and organizational designs to foster the leadership development and representation of Arab women in public institutions in Israel.