This study evaluated the phytotoxic and biochemical effects of crude oil contamination on the growth and physiology of maize (Zea mays L.) cultivated in artificially polluted soil. Bonny Light crude oil was introduced at 0 mL/kg (control), 2 mL/kg, 3 mL/kg, and 4 mL/kg soil concentrations, and plants were grown for eight weeks in a greenhouse using a completely randomised design. Germination percentage declined progressively from 90% in the control to 60% at 4 mL/kg, while mean plant height reduced from 84.5 cm (control) to 46.7 cm in the highest treatment. Correspondingly, dry shoot biomass decreased from 6.42 g in the control to 2.85 g in the 4 mL/kg group, and the anthesis–silking interval extended from 2 days in the control to 6 days under maximum contamination. Chlorophyll a and b contents declined significantly (p
Olusoji et al. (Sun,) studied this question.