Study of Thermodynamic Properties of Ks0, Λ, Ξ−, and d/d_ Produced in Symmetric Proton–Proton Collisions at SNN = 0. 9 TeV and 7 TeV

We study the thermodynamic properties produced in symmetric p–p collisions at sNN=0.9TeV and 7TeV, based on experimental data by the ALICE collaboration at CERN. Particularly, we analyze the initial temperature Ti, effective temperature T, freeze-out temperature T0, chemical potential μ, mean transverse momentum ⟨pT⟩, freeze-out volume V, and transverse flow velocity βT of different hadrons such as KS0, Λ, Ξ−, and d/d¯. To effectively use the transverse momentum pT distributions of these hadrons, and to extract the thermodynamic parameters, the Single-Slope Standard Distribution with and without the chemical potential μ, the Double-Slope Standard Distribution, and the modified Standard Distribution Functions are applied separately to fit the experimental data. The Modified Standard Distribution Function provides the most accurate description of the ALICE experimental data as compared to the Single-Slope (with and without μ) and Double-Slope Standard Distribution Function. We have investigated the correlation between the extracted thermodynamic parameters and the measurements of mass and energy of particles of the collision, and we observed that the increase in sNN is positively correlated with Ti, T, T0, ⟨pT⟩, V, and negatively correlated with μ. The comparison of p–p collisions with heavy-ion collisions (Au–Au collisions) suggests the possibility of collective-like dynamics even in small systems, which supports the hypothesis of thermalization and partial de-confinement in high-energy p–p collisions, indicating a transition towards a quark-gluon plasma (QGP)-like medium.