Development and validation of a prediction model for postoperative delirium in elderly spinal patients: a retrospective case-control study

The patient's age, smoking history, alcohol use history, diabetes history, preoperative psychiatric disorders history, anesthesia method, and postoperative hemoglobin levels are identified as independent risk factors for the occurrence of postoperative delirium in patients undergoing such surgeries. Simultaneously, the nomogram prediction model established based on these factors demonstrates good risk prediction accuracy for postoperative delirium and excellent clinical applicability.