How Grouping Data over Time Can Hide Signs of Stock Status: A Case Study Using LBSPR on Frigate Tuna (Auxis thazard, Lacépède, 1800) in the Northeast Atlantic Ocean

Length-based stock assessment methods are widely applied in data-limited fisheries, yet the effects of how length-frequency data are temporally grouped prior to analysis remain poorly examined. Temporal grouping is routinely used to increase sample size and approximate equilibrium conditions, but it may also alter the size structure presented to assessment models and bias inference. In this study, we evaluate how alternative temporal grouping schemes influence stock status inference within a single length-based framework, using the length-based spawning potential ratio (LBSPR) model as a diagnostic tool. Using a 30-year length-frequency dataset from a tropical purse seine fishery in the Northeast Atlantic as an illustrative case, we applied LBSPR under four practice-relevant temporal grouping schemes: full-period pooling, a broad regime-based scheme, decadal blocks, and five-year blocks. Life history parameters and model settings were held constant across schemes to isolate the effect of temporal grouping. A sensitivity analysis of biological parameters was conducted for the finest temporal scheme to contextualise robustness. Results show that temporal grouping alone can substantially alter the inferred status of the illustrative case. The fully pooled scheme produced an apparently favourable status signal, whereas finer temporal groupings revealed extended periods of inferred reproductive depletion, followed by a more recent recovery. Sensitivity analyses indicate that, while biological parameter uncertainty influences the magnitude of estimates, it does not overturn the dominant effect of temporal grouping on inferred status patterns. This study demonstrates that temporal grouping is not a neutral preprocessing step but a structural decision with the potential to conceal or reveal exploitation signals in length-based assessments. We argue that temporal grouping should be treated as an explicit sensitivity dimension in data-limited assessment workflows. By shifting attention from stock-specific outcomes to data-structuring choices, this work provides practical guidance for improving transparency and robustness in length-based stock status inference.