Fluorescence line diagnostics of the Fe Kα line at ∼ 6.4 keV observed in both solar and stellar flares can constrain the latitude and size of the flare loop, even in the absence of imaging observations. However, they are hampered by the unresolved origin of stellar Fe Kα lines: i.e., it is unclear which of the two mechanisms—photoionization by hard X-ray photons or collisional ionization by non-thermal electrons—is the dominant process. We present clear evidence for the photoionization origin based on simultaneous far ultraviolet (FUV) and soft X-ray observations of a superflare on the RS Canum Venaticorum–type Star UX Arietis with Extreme ultraviolet spetrosCope for ExosphEric Dynamic (EXCEED; 900−1480 ˚A) onboard Hisaki and Neutron Star Interior Composition Explorer (NICER; 0.2−12 keV). The flare started at 22:50 UT on 2018 November 15 and released 2 × 10³⁶ erg in the 900−1480 ˚A band and 3×10³⁶ erg in the 0.3−4 keV band. The FUV emission, a proxy for non-thermal activity, peaked approximately 1.4 hours before the soft X-rays. In contrast, the Fe Kα line, detected at a statistical significance of 5.3σ with an equivalent width of 67⁺²⁸ ₋₂₀ eV, peaked simultaneously with the thermal X-ray maximum rather than the non-thermal FUV peak—strongly supporting the photoionization hypothesis. Radiative transfer calculations, combined with the observed Fe Kα line intensity, further support the photoionization scenario and demonstrate the potential of this line to provide the flare geometry.
Inoue et al. (Wed,) studied this question.