Abstract Gas–particle interactions are fundamental to fluidized bed theory and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations, yet hindered by inherent structural instability. This study pioneers a novel method using high‐fidelity 3D printing to manufacture stable fluidization structures (uniform, clusters, bubbles) with controlled solids holdup ( ε s , 0–0.65), particle diameter ( d p , 40–2000 μm), and geometries. Intrinsic pressure drops are measured via a custom experimental system, enabling drag coefficient quantification through energy balance. Validation against fixed beds (high ε s ) and liquid‐particle systems (medium/low ε s ) confirms 118×), advance fluidization theories, and enable precise CFD optimization of fluidized beds.
Zhao et al. (Fri,) studied this question.