This paper presents a formal validation framework establishing equivalence between Quadratic Unconstrained Binary Optimization (QUBO) formulations and classical minimal cut set (MCS) identification for fault tree analysis in probabilistic risk assessment. The framework develops a 21-gate hierarchical verification system that proves QUBO ground states correspond exactly to minimal cut sets computed by the SCRAM fault tree solver. The validation methodology employs exhaustive enumeration for tractable models and conservative spot checks for larger instances, achieving PASS status across all verification gates. The theoretical contribution formalizes MCS identification as a constrained Boolean satisfiability problem amenable to quantum optimization. Fault trees with OR-of-ANDs structure are encoded into QUBO form with penalty terms enforcing logic constraints. The encoding preserves semantic equivalence: valid QUBO ground states map bijectively to classical minimal cut sets. Empirical validation demonstrates the framework on a canonical test case (TOP = A ∨ B ∨ (C ∧ D) ) using QAOA simulation with plateau-based convergence methodology. The quantum circuit correctly identifies valid MCS configurations with pₒpt = 0. 01058 (95% CI: 0. 00972, 0. 01151). Hardware feasibility is demonstrated through execution on IBM's ibmₜorino 133-qubit Heron processor, where all circuits passed sanity and interpretation checks despite noise distributing probability across 110-120 unique states. The framework establishes foundational infrastructure for quantum PRA research by providing: (1) formal QUBO-MCS bijection verification against ground truth, (2) a reproducible classical baseline using the SCRAM solver, (3) plateau-based convergence criteria for stochastic quantum optimization, and (4) a hierarchical verification gate system ensuring scientific defensibility. No claim of quantum advantage is made; results are evaluated solely for semantic correctness, reproducibility, and NISQ feasibility.
Devin Peters (Fri,) studied this question.