Application of Nanomaterials in the Deacidification of Paper-Based Cultural Heritage

Acidity is a primary factor leading to the deterioration of paper-based cultural heritage, and deacidification treatment is a crucial preventive conservation measure for extending their lifespan. Traditional deacidification techniques, such as the particle suspension method and vapor phase method, have limitations in terms of penetration uniformity, treatment efficacy, or safety. Nanoscale alkaline materials, represented by nano-calcium hydroxide and nano-magnesium hydroxide, offer an innovative solution with the potential to achieve more uniform, efficient, and long-lasting paper deacidification, owing to their high specific surface area, enhanced reactivity, and superior penetration capacity derived from the nanoscale dimension. It is important to note that the realized uniformity and depth of treatment are contingent upon substrate properties (e.g., fiber density, porosity) and application parameters. This paper provides a systematic review of the main types of nanomaterials applied in the deacidification of paper artifacts—including their synthesis and dispersion stabilization methods—application techniques (such as immersion and spraying) and performance evaluation systems (including pH value, alkaline reserve, and mechanical properties). Through comparative analysis and case studies, the advantages and current challenges of nano-deacidification technology are elaborated. Finally, future directions for nano-deacidification technology are discussed, particularly focusing on material optimization, standardized evaluation, and prospects for scalable application tailored to the practical needs of cultural heritage conservation.