A Unified Understanding of the Big Bang and Dark Energy Based on Finite Operational Theory

This work presents a unified interpretation of the Big Bang and dark energy based on a finite operational perspective. Rather than treating cosmic expansion and dark energy as independent phenomenological components or tunable parameters, the paper interprets them as unavoidable consequences of an intrinsically non-closable universe. Under finite observational and operational constraints, the universe cannot fully define or evaluate its own total state from within. This structural non-self-completeness leaves a persistent operational residue, which manifests cosmologically as irreversible expansion and an effective dark energy term. In this framework, cosmic acceleration is not driven by an external field or a hidden substance, but emerges from a self-referential imbalance inherent to any universe subject to finite operations. The Big Bang is reinterpreted not as a singular initial condition requiring ultraviolet completion, but as a boundary event associated with the breakdown of internal evaluability. The approach does not rely on anthropic reasoning, additional dimensions, or speculative microphysics. Instead, it focuses on the structural conditions under which time evolution, irreversibility, and large-scale expansion must persist. The resulting picture describes a universe that continues to evolve precisely because it cannot reach a fully self-consistent, final description. This work is intended as a foundational contribution at the intersection of cosmology, information theory, and the theory of finite operations, offering a conceptual reorganization rather than a parameter-level modification of standard cosmological models.