This paper revisits recent advances in paper-substrate flexible and printed electronics, and we aim to present their potential as sustainable and low-cost platforms for intelligent systems. Due to the porous and flexible structure of cellulose paper, various electronic devices can be fabricated by printing or solution-based processes. Paper-based devices have expanding to logic circuits, biosensors, photo-memory devices, and neuromorphic devices, showing reliable operation even under mechanical deformation. The intrinsic wettability and biocompatibility of paper also enable disposable and eco-friendly sensor platforms. Furthermore, integration of optical and memory functionalities has expanded paper electronics toward data storage and learning behaviors. This review summarizes material characteristics, device architecture, and processing strategies for paper-substrate electronics, emphasizing their prospects for flexible and intelligent hardware systems toward next-generation paper electronics.
Han et al. (Mon,) studied this question.