This study investigates the effects of TiCN particles on aluminum alloys during Laser Powder Bed Fusion (LPBF) and establishes a multiphysics model to reveal the underlying mechanisms. Results show 5 vol pct of TiCN can reduce particle clustering, refine grain size, and promote the formation of equiaxed grains. TiCN significantly increase the local temperature of the melt pool, promote flow uniformity, and accelerates solidification during the cooling stage, which constitutes the thermodynamic mechanism of ceramic particles.
Ni et al. (Sat,) studied this question.