Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a progressive X-linked neuromuscular disorder characterized by predictable patterns of muscle weakness, contracture formation, spinal deformity, fracture risk, and cardiopulmonary decline. Although advances in medical and gene-targeted therapies have improved survival and delayed functional deterioration, orthopaedic surgery remains a critical component of comprehensive care. This manuscript provides a detailed, stage-based framework for the orthopaedic surgical management of DMD, emphasizing the integration of neuromuscular progression, functional goals, and systemic risk into operative decision-making.
Tabaie et al. (Sun,) studied this question.