Balancing performance and sustainability: a white differential pulse voltammetry method for metformin and empagliflozin in plasma

Key Points

• To develop and validate a method for quantifying metformin and empagliflozin in plasma using differential pulse voltammetry.
• Validated differential pulse voltammetry on a glassy carbon electrode (DPV-GCE) was used.
• Samples were analyzed without modification or chromatography.
• Focus on proof-of-concept for routine therapeutic monitoring.
• Method demonstrated rapid and sustainable quantification of drugs in plasma.
• Clinical application is currently limited to spiked samples rather than real patient samples.