The creation of Buddha images occupies a central role within Buddhist cultural traditions along the Silk Road. In Central Asia, such sculptures were predominantly produced using plastic materials shaped through modelling techniques, referred to in this study as ‘modelled sculptures.’ These sculptures were built into temple structures and feature characteristics that appear to vary by region, as they were influenced by local architectural practices. However, comprehensive investigations into sculptural production across Central Asia remain limited. This study aims to elucidate regional trends in modelled sculptures by examining in situ examples from Buddhist temples in northwestern Pakistan, southeastern Afghanistan, southern Uzbekistan, and southwestern Tajikistan. The analysis focuses on the spatial placement of sculptures in temples, their constituent materials, and their integration with architectural features. The findings reveal distinct regional patterns in the production of modelled sculptures. In northwest Pakistan, sculptures on exterior architectural elements centred around stupas are particularly prominent. While stupa-related examples continue to appear at Hadda, sculptures installed indoors also increase. In regions beyond these areas, sculptures are found primarily within interior spaces. These patterns likely reflect regional variations in temple layout that correspond to differences in worship practices. Correlations between building surface treatments and sculptural materials also show regional distinctions. ‘White plaster’ (a general term encompassing both lime and gypsum) was primarily used in northwest Pakistan, while earth-based modelling was more common north of the Amu Darya. In the southern Hindu Kush, both white plaster and earthen materials were employed; however, a shift toward earth-based techniques is evident.
Momoka Yamane (Thu,) studied this question.