The environmental challenges in Nigerian urban areas are exacerbated by inadequate waste management practices, leading to poor public health outcomes and ecological degradation. A comprehensive search strategy was employed to identify relevant studies using databases such as PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. Studies published from to were included if they focused on waste management policies, environmental health effects, or public perception. Findings indicated that while some municipalities introduced recycling programmes and improved composting facilities, the implementation was inconsistent across different urban settings, affecting their effectiveness in reducing littering rates by up to 25% in areas with robust enforcement mechanisms. The review highlighted the need for more consistent policy enforcement and public engagement strategies to enhance waste management success. Public health institutions should collaborate with local governments to implement standardised recycling programmes, while environmental agencies must ensure regular monitoring of policy effectiveness through surveys and audits. The empirical specification follows Y=₀+^ X+, and inference is reported with uncertainty-aware statistical criteria.
Agbakoba et al. (Wed,) studied this question.
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