Municipal water systems in Nigeria face significant challenges that affect public health and agricultural productivity. A systematic literature review employing meta-analysis techniques to evaluate the effectiveness and reliability of municipal water systems in Nigeria. Panel-data analysis revealed that approximately 30% of water sources were contaminated with pathogens, impacting public health metrics such as malnutrition rates by 15-20 percentage points. The methodological framework identified gaps in monitoring and maintenance protocols for municipal water systems. Enhanced surveillance programmes and subsidized repairs are recommended to improve the quality of municipal water supplies. The empirical specification follows Y=₀+^ X+, and inference is reported with uncertainty-aware statistical criteria.
Adekunbi et al. (Wed,) studied this question.