High-electronegativity O-triggered vacancy defects and ionic channels in N-doped carbon-confined amorphous Mo–O clusters for high-performance potassium-ion hybrid capacitors

Key Points

• High-performance potassium-ion hybrid capacitors were observed to have enhanced ionic channels.
• Ionic channels showed significant improvement due to high-electronegativity oxygen-triggered vacancy defects.
• N-doped carbon confinement played a critical role in stabilizing the amorphous Mo-O clusters.
• These findings suggest that targeted modifications can enhance energy storage capabilities in capacitors.