Micro/submicro/nano hierarchical Ca, Sr, and Ag-modified surface on low-modulus Ti alloy with enhanced bioactivity

Key Points

• Enhanced bioactivity was observed in low-modulus titanium alloy with specific modifications.
• A significant increase in bioactivity was recorded, notably with modifications involving calcium and strontium.
• Surface modification techniques were employed to create micro, submicro, and nano structures on the titanium alloy.
• Findings support improved application of modified titanium alloys in medical devices for better integration.