Purpose This study aims to analyze the thermal comfort of Albanian kullas, fortified stone houses, located in Kosovo, Albania and Montenegro. It aims to identify strategies for upgrading these vernacular historic buildings for contemporary use without compromising their historical integrity. Design/methodology/approach A comparative analysis was conducted by three case study kullas: the kulla of Isuf Mazrekaj (Kosovo), the kulla of the Kelmendi family (Albania) and the kulla of the Gjonbalaj family (Montenegro). Data loggers were placed on these buildings to record indoor and outdoor temperatures and relative humidity. Moreover, building defects and pathology were assessed through on-site surveys. Contextual studies, including sun studies and interviews conducted with building owners, served as the basis for recommendations for improving thermal performance. Findings The study shows that kullas were originally built with sustainability in mind, providing steady indoor temperatures and humidity levels that are generally comfortable. However, issues like inadequate sun exposure and inappropriate modern modifications have negatively impacted their thermal comfort. To address these problems, the study suggests adding insulation made from natural materials, restoring structural elements using traditional methods and addressing inappropriate interventions to ensure the authenticity of these historic buildings is preserved. Originality/value This research emphasizes the potential of kullas for sustainable upgrades, offering specific strategies for their preservation and reuse. It highlights the importance of establishing legal frameworks and practical technical guidelines in Kosovo, Albania and Montenegro to ensure the sustainable upgrade of historic buildings, while also adding valuable insights to global conversations about heritage conservation.
Thaçi et al. (Wed,) studied this question.