Multi-Omics Analysis Uncovers Acute Hypoxia-Induced Gut Damage and the Underlying Protective Mechanisms of Probiotic Clostridium butyricum B3 in Yellow Catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco)

Key Points

• Gut damage occurs in yellow catfish due to acute hypoxia exposure, triggering significant physiological changes.
• Metabolomics showed a protective effect of probiotic Clostridium butyricum B3 in mitigating gut damage.
• Observational analysis across various metabolic pathways reveals insights into hypoxia-induced stress response.
• Impacts of hypoxia on gut health highlight the necessity for probiotic interventions in aquaculture.