Enhanced remediation of cadmium and lead in soil using two-step ball-milled micro zero-valent iron/phosphate/biochar composites: Synthesis, performance, and mechanisms

Key Points

• Remediation of cadmium and lead in soil is enhanced using micro zero-valent iron composites.
• Performance metrics indicate a significant reduction in cadmium and lead concentrations after application.
• The study synthesized composites using a two-step ball milling process, optimizing their effectiveness.
• Potential for practical applications in environmental remediation, indicating a promising direction for soil cleanup.