Immune checkpoint inhibitors in BCG-unresponsive non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer: a narrative review of evidence and future directions

Key Points

• Immune checkpoint inhibitors may enhance treatment outcomes for patients with BCG-unresponsive NMIBC, promoting bladder preservation.
• The review emphasizes the importance of biomarkers for optimal patient selection in future clinical applications.
• This narrative analysis covers strategies for combining therapies to improve clinical outcomes in bladder cancer management.
• Further studies are necessary to solidify the role of immune checkpoint inhibitors in BCG-unresponsive non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer.