A U-shaped association between vitamin D and ketone levels in type 2 diabetes: a metabolic state–dependent dual regulation mechanism

Key Points

• Ketone levels are influenced by both high and low vitamin D levels, indicating a U-shaped relationship.
• Participants with type 2 diabetes show varying ketone levels based on their vitamin D status, particularly at extremes.
• This analysis examines metabolic regulation mechanisms affecting ketone levels in type 2 diabetes.
• Findings highlight the importance of maintaining optimal vitamin D levels for better metabolic health.