A comprehensive review of Onchocercidae nematodes (Nematoda; Filarioidea) infecting wild ruminant ungulates of North and Central America

Key Points

• Onchocercidae nematodes affect ruminant populations across North and Central America, leading to significant health concerns.
• These nematodes are linked to diverse ecological impacts, particularly in wildlife health and population dynamics.
• This review synthesizes existing data on Onchocercidae infections in ruminants, covering various species and their distribution.
• Understanding these infections can inform wildlife management and conservation strategies, supporting ecosystem health.