Environmental, economic, and social trade-offs in biochar and biosurfactant-based soil remediation: A critical review based on mass flow analysis

Key Points

• Biochar and biosurfactants may enhance soil remediation, addressing contamination effectively over time.
• The review reveals trade-offs, including potential environmental degradation versus economic benefits of remediation.
• Assessment using mass flow analysis highlights interaction between environmental, economic, and social factors in soil treatment approaches.
• Such insights call for balanced strategies to manage soil health while considering community impact and ecological sustainability.