What question did this study set out to answer?

The research aims to explore the synergistic effects of green manure and mushroom residue on soil quality and the yield and quality of pepper crops.

March 5, 2026Open Access

Integrated application of green manure and mushroom residue improves soil quality and carbon-nitrogen fraction, and pepper yield and quality

Key Points

The research aims to explore the synergistic effects of green manure and mushroom residue on soil quality and the yield and quality of pepper crops.
Conducted a randomized block design with five treatments including control and varying levels of green manure and mushroom residue.
Assessed soil quality through measurement of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and carbon fractions.
Evaluated pepper yield and quality under different soil amendment treatments.
All treatment combinations significantly increased soil nutrients compared to the control, with the GMMR treatment showing the highest overall improvements.
Soil organic carbon storage increased markedly in the GMMR treatment, particularly in deeper soil layers.
Pepper yield increased significantly by 17.55% for GMMR and 12.52% for GMS, demonstrating increased productivity with these amendments.

Abstract

Greenhouse vegetable systems face degradation from intensive inputs and weak organic matter recycling. The synergistic effect of combining green manure and mushroom residue on soil fertility, especially regarding soil carbon-nitrogen fractions, and yield-quality characteristic is poorly understood. This study investigate the impacts of green manure and mushroom residue on soil quality and pepper yield and quality. A randomized block design with five treatments, including CK (control), GM (green manure 3000 kg ha - ¹), MR (mushroom residue 7500 kg ha - ¹), GMS (green manure 3000 kg ha - ¹ and mushroom residue 3750 kg ha - ¹), and GMMR (green manure 3000 kg ha - ¹ and mushroom residue 7500 kg ha -1 ). The GM, MR, GMS and GMMR significantly improved the contents of total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), total potassium (TK), alkaline hydrolyzable nitrogen (AN), available phosphorus (AP), available potassium (AK), ammonium nitrogen (NH 4 + -N), nitrate nitrogen (NO 3 - -N), and soil organic carbon (SOC), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), dissolved organic nitrogen (DON), soil inorganic nitrogen (SIN), microbial biomass carbon (MBC), easily oxidizable organic carbon (EOC) compared to CK treatments with the order GMMR GMS MR GM CK in both soil layers. The SOC storage in the GMMR, GMS, MR and GM treatment in the 0-10 cm increased by 24.25%, 24.49%, 17.56% and 4.39% compared with CK, which increased by 54.28%, 31.55%,25.31% and 9.46% compared with the CK treatment in 10-20 cm layers, respectively. The SOC storage and carbon sequestration efficiency under different treatments followed the order: GMMR GMS MR GM. Compared to CK, the GMMR and GMS treatment achieved the highest pepper yield of 48797 and 46708 kg ha -1 , representing a significant increase of 17.55% and 12.52%. The random forest model showed MBC is key soil factors affecting yield and soluble sugar, and NO 3 + -N is key soil factors affecting soluble protein. The GMMR treatment emerges as the optimal organic amendment strategy for similar greenhouse conditions in semi-arid regions.

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