What question did this study set out to answer?

The research aims to evaluate the impact of vehicle-to-building (V2B) technology on a micro-grid's economic and environmental performance.

March 7, 2026Open Access

Empowering renewables-based microgrids through vehicle-to-building service: A real case study

Key Points

The research aims to evaluate the impact of vehicle-to-building (V2B) technology on a micro-grid's economic and environmental performance.
Simulated the operation of Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs) in a corporate micro-grid.
Applied a stochastic algorithm for optimizing battery operations.
Conducted sensitivity analysis varying the number of connected BEVs from 2 to 8.
Evaluated electricity costs and CO2 emissions associated with V2B integration.
Annual reduction of grid withdrawal by 8% when integrating 2 BEVs with the stationary battery.
27% decrease in surplus photovoltaic energy delivered to the grid with V2B implementation.
Avoided CO2 emissions range from 194 kg with 2 EVs to 255 kg with 8 EVs.
Average savings from V2B integration were €10,537 for 8 EVs and €9,097 for 2 EVs.

Abstract

• Additional aging of BEVs related to Vehicle-to-Building (V2B) service is assessed. • BEV operation into a corporate’s Micro-Grid is simulated. • A stochastic algorithm optimizes the operation of stationary and mobile batteries. • The effect of V2B service on annual electricity cost is assessed. • A sensitivity analysis on connected electric vehicles number is performed. This study analyses the application of vehicle-to-building (V2B) technology to the headquarters of ASM Terni S.p.A., the distribution system operator in the Terni municipality area. The ASM Terni S.p.A. micro-grid (MG) includes a 245 kWp photovoltaic plant and 95 kWh Li-ion stationary battery. A Simulink model, based on real annual data of electricity consumption and photovoltaic generation profiles, aims to assess the benefits of integrating Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs) into the building. A sensitivity analysis, at varying the EV fleet (from 2 to 8 BEVs), is performed assessing energetic and economic savings, as well as the avoided CO 2 emissions. Economic evaluation on V2B integration, performed for three different scenarios, also includes a sensitivity analysis to the variation of incentives’ intensity and electricity prices. With respect to the case of storage absence, 2 BEVs performing V2B and the stationary battery allow an annual reduction of −8% in grid withdrawal and −27% in surplus PV energy delivered to the grid, with avoided CO 2 ranging from 194 kg C02 (2 EVs) to 255 kg C02 (8 EVs), while average savings of 10,537–9,097 € (for 8 and 2 EVs). Another innovative aspect lies in the implementation of a multi-objective MG power management strategy based on simultaneous perturbation stochastic approximation algorithm, optimizing the interaction between BEVs and the corporate grid, at varying the number of interconnected BEVs. The obtained outcomes can pave the way towards the V2B application, making BEV users aware on the opportunity in promoting V2X deployment through pilot projects, incentives and financial benefits.

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Cite This Study

Pelosi et al. (Sun,) studied this question.

synapsesocial.com/papers/69abc0b85af8044f7a4e9672 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijepes.2026.111730

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