Human-Hamadryas baboon conflict in and around Simien Mountains National Park (SMNP), Ethiopia

Conflicts between humans and wildlife pose serious challenges to both biodiversity conservation and local livelihoods. This study examined the extent, causes, and impacts of human–Hamadryas baboon conflict in and around Simien Mountains National Park (SMNP), northern Ethiopia. A mixed-method approach was employed, combining household surveys, key informant interviews, focus group discussions, and field observations, supported by GPS mapping of conflict sites. Data were collected from 66 households in six villages adjacent to the cliffs inhabited by Hamadryas baboons. The majority of respondents (72.7%) reported losses of both crops and livestock caused by Hamadryas baboons, while 25.8% reported only crop damage. Crop raiding varied significantly among crop types (P ≤ 0.001), with beans (45.5%) and peas (33.3%) being the most frequently attacked. Sheep and goats were mainly affected livestock type (50%), and the middle-aged ones are experiencing the highest risk (50%). Conflict intensity was greatest in villages located within 2 km the of baboon sleeping cliffs (P ≤ 0.001). Respondents identified agricultural expansion (30.3%) and human settlement encroachment near the baboon habitats (31.8%) as the main causes of conflict. Farmers primarily managed conflicts through guarding and sowing less vulnerable crops (40.9%). Overall, human disturbance, habitat loss, and population pressure threaten both baboon populations and local livelihoods. Strengthening habitat management and promoting community-based mitigation measures are essential for ensuring sustainable coexistence between humans and Hamadryas baboons.