These findings highlight the heterogeneous role of built environments in shaping crash outcomes depending on contexts. The patterns align with the Safe Systems framework such that insufficient built environments elevate injury severity, while pedestrian-oriented infrastructures can mitigate harm even when behaviors are less predictable. Thus, infrastructure improvements should be recognized as behavioral interventions and injury prevention strategies that absorb human errors, not simply as street environment upgrades.
Park et al. (Tue,) studied this question.