This work presents a compact microwave sensor for noninvasive blood glucose monitoring based on a substrate-integrated waveguide loaded with a complementary split-ring resonator on RO4350. The sensing principle uses shifts in resonance frequency and changes in S-parameters to track the dielectric dispersion of glucose-containing tissue. The resonator is constructed using Substrate-Integrated Waveguide (SIW) technology, which mimics the propagation characteristics of a conventional rectangular waveguide. To validate its versatility, the sensor implements three practical sample delivery modes: direct liquid contact with the sensing surface, a glass tube holder mounted over the active region, and a non-invasive fingertip interface. Electromagnetic simulations and benchtop measurements confirm clear glucose-dependent frequency shifts with stable matching and insertion levels. Across the physiological range of 20 to 200 mg·dL−1, the sensor exhibits clear glucose-dependent resonance shifts in all configurations. In direct contact mode, the resonance frequency shifts from 10.83 GHz to 10.45 GHz with sensitivities up to 2.47 MHz per mg·dL−1. The tube configuration shows a shift from 10.49 GHz to 10.38 GHz with sensitivity up to 0.80 MHz per mg·dL−1, while reducing contamination. In the non-invasive fingertip mode, the resonance shifts from 2.56 GHz to 2.52 GHz with sensitivities up to 0.25 MHz per mg·dL−1. These results confirm the sensor’s compactness, reliability, and suitability for portable, low-cost glucose monitoring. The results indicate that the proposed sensor can support practical continuous or spot monitoring and offers a clear path toward portable and low-cost glucose assessment.
Alsultani et al. (Fri,) studied this question.