What question did this study set out to answer?

This research aims to establish a unified framework for understanding the evolution and stability of complex systems across various scales.

March 16, 2026Open Access

Global Complexity–Stability Theory (GCST): A Unified Framework for the Evolution of Complex Systems Across Scales

Key Points

This research aims to establish a unified framework for understanding the evolution and stability of complex systems across various scales.
Introduced the universal stability index G = γ / (α C) derived from fundamental physical constants.
Derived the critical boundary G_c = 1 for stability assessments.
Unified structural debt D to explain dark matter and dark energy relationships.
Analyzed predictions for dark energy behavior at late times based on DESI observational data.
Confirmed the existence of a critical boundary at G_c = 1.
Predicted δw(z) > 0 at late times, aligning with DESI DR2 2025 data preferences.
Showed structural debt D correlates high and low gradient changes in cosmic phenomena.
Extended implications to galactic stability and planetary habitability with PSI values.

Abstract

Abstract Global Complexity–Stability Theory (GCST) introduces the universal stability index G = γ / (α C) and derives the critical boundary Gc = 1 from fundamental constants c, G, ħ and cosmological expansion H (t). Structural debt D unifies dark matter (high ∇C) and dark energy (low ∇C), yielding ρD / ρcrit ≈ 0. 95. After aligning gradient sign, GCST predicts δw (z) > 0 at late times (w > –1 today, amplitude +0. 02…+0. 07), matching DESI DR2 2025 preference (w₀ > –1, wₐ –1 and wₐ < 0 at 2. 8–4. 2σ.

Global Complexity–Stability Theory (GCST): A Unified Framework for the Evolution of Complex Systems Across Scales

Key Points

Abstract

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