What question did this study set out to answer?

The study aims to investigate the distribution patterns of archaeological sites in relation to obliquity harmonics and a geological reference pole.

March 21, 2026Open Access

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Archaeological Site Distribution and Obliquity Harmonics: Evidence for Non-Random Banded Structure Relative to a Geologically-Derived Reference Pole

Key Points

The study aims to investigate the distribution patterns of archaeological sites in relation to obliquity harmonics and a geological reference pole.
Analysis of five independent datasets totaling over 44,000 archaeological sites.
Utilization of statistical techniques to validate banded structures and eliminate alternative explanations.
Replication on XRONOS with a focus on robust statistical significance and autocorrelation corrections.
Archaeological sites concentrate into two bands with a persistent deficit zone.
Significance levels of statistical findings range from 9.9 to 16.7σ, well above the threshold of 5σ.
Standardized effect sizes indicate a meaningful structural pattern across the datasets.

Abstract

Archaeological Site Distribution and Obliquity Harmonics: Evidence for Non-Random Banded Structure Relative to a Geologically-Derived Reference Pole Version 2 — Statistical Overhaul (March 2026) When archaeological site coordinates worldwide are rotated relative to a reference pole at 61°N, 84°E (Western Siberia), sites concentrate into two bands separated by a persistent deficit zone. This paper presents the mathematical evidence using five independent datasets totaling over 44, 000 sites, 47 independently-founded civilizations, and ten arguments each designed to eliminate a specific class of alternative explanation. Version 2 additions: Independent replication on XRONOS (17, 393 sites, 70. 3% in bands). Spatial autocorrelation correction reducing headline significance from 74σ to 9. 9–16. 7σ (all still above 5σ). Standardized effect sizes (Cohen's h ≈ 0. 55, odds ratio ≈ 3. 0). Equatorial alternative pole eliminated. Expanded robustness battery including pole sensitivity, band boundary perturbation, deduplication resolution, Europe downsampling, and continental jackknife. Fixed parameters (locked at n=232, never modified): EM Pole: 61°N, 84°E Old Band: 38–56° rotated latitude Dead Zone: 16–28° rotated latitude New Band: 0–15° rotated latitude Contents: obliquityₕarmonicsₚaperᵥ2. docx — Full paper reproduceₐll. py — Reproduces Arguments 1–7 (original datasets) reproduceₓronos. py — Reproduces XRONOS replication and new Arguments 8–10 README. md — Documentation and reproduction instructions gridₐrchaeologicalₘaster. xlsx — All datasets with grid computations pre-applied whc001. csv — UNESCO World Heritage sites p3k14c₂022₀6. csv — Radiocarbon database data₂025-02-11. zip — XRONOS radiocarbon database modelskiAncient. csv — Modelski ancient cities (from Reba et al. 2016 FigShare) chandlerV2. csv — Chandler historical cities Data sources: UNESCO World Heritage Centre; Martiniano et al. (2022) Nature Scientific Data; XRONOS (Roe et al. 2024) ; Modelski (2003) via Reba et al. (2016) Nature Scientific Data; Chandler (1987) via Reba et al. (2016). License: Source data used under CC-BY 4. 0 from original publishers. This deposit: All Rights Reserved. Code: MIT. © Francis Redmond, 2026. All Rights Reserved.

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Cite This Study

Francis Redmond (Tue,) studied this question.

synapsesocial.com/papers/69be371c6e48c4981c676813 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19078379

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