Fullerenol nanomaterials modulate growth dynamics and photosynthetic efficiency in safflower via foliar and root exposure

Key Points

• To investigate the effects of fullerenol nanomaterials on the growth dynamics and photosynthetic efficiency of safflower.
• Applied low-concentration fullerenol via foliar and root exposure to safflower plants.
• Measured photosynthetic efficiency and growth parameters during treatment.
• Analyzed the effects of fullerenol application on plant development.
• Foliar application of low-concentration fullerenol significantly increased photosynthetic efficiency.
• Enhanced growth dynamics and overall plant health were observed in treated safflower plants.