Opposite modulation of sensorimotor rhythms in 3–8 years children by passive hand movement and hand movement observation

Objective Sensorimotor rhythms can be potential markers of atypical child development; however, many paradigms used in research of sensorimotor rhythms are difficult to use in children with developmental disabilities. In this paper, we explored two experimental paradigms for sensorimotor rhythms investigation that can potentially be used in children with developmental disorders. Methods Electroencephalography was recorded in typically developing children aged 3–8 years ( N = 58), during the inclusive passive hand movement paradigm (PHM), the hand movement observation on video paradigm (VWH), and control condition (video with fractals). The difference in the mu-rhythm power was analyzed between experimental and control conditions at the central electrodes (C3 and C4). Results The PHM causes significant desynchronization of the mu rhythm in the 6–13 and 13–30 Hz ranges, predominantly in the right motor region, suggesting activation of motor programs. In contrast, the VWH paradigm caused an increase in the mu rhythm in the 6–13 Hz range relative to the control condition, predominantly over left motor cortex, suggesting deactivation or underdevelopment of motor representation in children of such age during hand movement observation. Conclusion While PHM consistently elicits mu rhythm desynchronization, observation of hand movement could induce the opposite effect, which needs further investigation.